Linux 中和网络相关的一些命令

##ifconfig

查IP

    [root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# ifconfig
    eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:8C:65:5C  
              inet addr:192.168.1.100  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 分别是IP地址 广播号 子网掩码
              inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe8c:655c/64 Scope:Link ##IPV6的地址
              UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 MTU值,度量值
              RX packets:4442 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 ##数据包收发状态
              TX packets:3023 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
              collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
              RX bytes:477890 (466.6 KiB)  TX bytes:778624 (760.3 KiB) ##数据包收发总量

eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:50:56:26:3F:BF  
          inet addr:10.2.100.128  Bcast:10.2.100.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:fe26:3fbf/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:18456 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:9730 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:27076657 (25.8 MiB)  TX bytes:587726 (573.9 KiB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback   ##回环地址
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 b)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)

telnet

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# yum -y install telnet

测试端口通与不同

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# telnet 121.42.148.64 443
Trying 121.42.148.64...
Connected to 121.42.148.64.
Escape character is '^]'.
^C^Z^CConnection closed by foreign host.
[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# ^C
[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# telnet 121.42.148.64 445
Trying 121.42.148.64...
telnet: connect to address 121.42.148.64: Connection refused

netstat

描述:打印网络连接 路由表 网络接口的统计信息

参数

-s 显示各种协议数据统计信息

-n 把IP\端口\用户的ID、替换为主机 协议 用户名等信息
-p 显示进程名称和进程号
-l 仅仅显示正在监听的sockets接口信息
-u udp
-t tcp

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# netstat -nutlp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State       PID/Program name   
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:65422               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1319/sshd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1398/master         
tcp        0      0 :::65422                    :::*                        LISTEN      1319/sshd           
tcp        0      0 ::1:25                      :::*                        LISTEN      1398/master    

Recv-Q 接收
Send-Q 发送

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# netstat -s
Ip:
    22984 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    22975 incoming packets delivered
    12881 requests sent out
Icmp:
    0 ICMP messages received
    0 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
    0 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
Tcp:
    8 active connections openings
    1 passive connection openings
    1 failed connection attempts
    1 connection resets received
    1 connections established
    22488 segments received
    12846 segments send out
    1 segments retransmited
    0 bad segments received.
    9 resets sent
Udp:
    34 packets received
    0 packets to unknown port received.
    0 packet receive errors
    34 packets sent
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
    6 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
    68 delayed acks sent
    19048 packets header predicted
    1211 acknowledgments not containing data received
    968 predicted acknowledgments
    0 TCP data loss events
    1 other TCP timeouts
IpExt:
    InNoRoutes: 9
    InBcastPkts: 453
    InOctets: 27316909
    OutOctets: 1160990

ss

和netstat差不多

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# ss -anut
Netid State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                                                                  Local Address:Port                                                                                    Peer Address:Port 
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                                                                :::65422                                                                                             :::*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                                                                 *:65422                                                                                              *:*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      100                                                                                               ::1:25                                                                                                :::*     
tcp   LISTEN     0      100                                                                                         127.0.0.1:25                                                                                                 *:*     
tcp   ESTAB      0      96                                                                                      192.168.1.100:65422                                                                                  192.168.1.241:64743 

route

路由相关设置和查看

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# route 
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
10.2.100.0      *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth1
192.168.1.0     *               255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U     1002   0        0 eth0
link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U     1003   0        0 eth1
default         10.2.100.2      0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth1

网卡设置

1.编辑配置文件

[root@node-lvs-master vimrc]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
UUID=82fc9357-d760-4986-8e1d-c7aef84dd2dd
ONBOOT=yes
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
HWADDR=00:0C:29:8C:65:5C
IPADDR=192.168.1.100
PREFIX=24
GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
DNS1=192.168.1.1
DNS2= 114.114.114.114
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=no
NAME="System eth0"

2.dns的修改

[fangwenjun@CTN-QD-247 ~]$ cat /etc/resolv.conf 
options timeout:1 attempts:1 rotate
nameserver 223.5.5.5
nameserver 223.6.6.6

traceroute

查看路由转发的路由表信息,默认使用UDP协议 -I 可以用icmp发送

[root@node-lvs-master ~]# traceroute ip

dig

host nslookup 等需要安装,默认最小化安装操作系统没有

  1. 安装

    yum install bind-utilsyum install bind-utils    

2.使用

[root@node-lvs-master ~]# dig awen.me

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.3 <<>> awen.me
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 61333
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 6, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;awen.me.                       IN      A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
awen.me.                600     IN      CNAME   fangwenjun.b0.aicdn.com.
fangwenjun.b0.aicdn.com. 1497   IN      CNAME   ctn.b9.aicdn.com.
ctn.b9.aicdn.com.       60      IN      A       183.158.35.58
ctn.b9.aicdn.com.       60      IN      A       183.158.35.57
ctn.b9.aicdn.com.       60      IN      A       183.158.35.59
ctn.b9.aicdn.com.       60      IN      A       183.158.35.60

;; Query time: 30 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Sat Jan  7 10:42:31 2017
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 147

2.@可以跟dns,可以判断解析是否生效

[root@node-lvs-master ~]# dig awen.me @8.8.8.8

3.查看邮件解析

[root@node-lvs-master ~]# dig fangwenjun.com MX

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.47.rc1.el6_8.3 <<>> fangwenjun.com MX
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 36288
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;fangwenjun.com.                        IN      MX

;; ANSWER SECTION:
fangwenjun.com.         600     IN      MX      10 mxdomain.qq.com.

;; Query time: 30 msec
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1)
;; WHEN: Sat Jan  7 10:45:24 2017
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 60

##常用术语

  1. 记录类型

A记录:
将域名指向一个IPv4地址(例如:10.10.10.10),需要增加A记录
CNAME记录:
如果将域名指向一个域名,实现与被指向域名相同的访问效果,需要增加CNAME记录
MX记录:
建立电子邮箱服务,将指向邮件服务器地址,需要设置MX记录
NS记录:
域名解析服务器记录,如果要将子域名指定某个域名服务器来解析,需要设置NS记录
TXT记录:
可任意填写(可为空),通常用做SPF记录(反垃圾邮件)使用
AAAA记录:
将主机名(或域名)指向一个IPv6地址(例如:ff03:0:0:0:0:0:0:c1),需要添加AAAA记录
SRV记录:
记录了哪台计算机提供了哪个服务。格式为:服务的名字.协议的类型(例如:_example-server._tcp)

22.主机记录
www :
将域名解析为www.example.com,填写www;
@ :
将域名解析为example.com(不带www),填写@或者不填写;
mail :
将域名解析为mail.example.com,通常用于解析邮箱服务器;


  • 泛解析,所有子域名均被解析到统一地址(除单独设置的子域名解析);
    二级域名 :
    如:mail.example.com或abc.example.com,填写mail或abc;
    手机网站 :
    如:m.example.com,填写m。

mtr

MTR是Linux平台上一款非常好用的网络诊断工具,集成了traceroute、ping、nslookup的功能,用于诊断网络状态非常有用。下面请看简单介绍

安装

[root@node-lvs-master ~]# yum -y install mtr

使用

第一列(Host):IP地址和域名,按n键可以切换IP和域名
第二列(Loss%):丢包率
第三列(Snt):设置每秒发送数据包的数量,默认值是10 可以通过参数-c来指定
第四列(Last):最近一次的PING值
第五、六、七列(Avg、Best、Wrst):分别是PING的平均、最好、最差值
第八列(StDev):标准偏差

[root@CTN-QD-247 fangwenjun]# mtr  www.upyun.com
                                                                                                         My traceroute  [v0.75]
CTN-QD-247 (0.0.0.0)                                                                                                                                                                                            Sat Jan  7 11:48:30 2017
Keys:  Help   Display mode   Restart statistics   Order of fields   quit
                                                                                                                                                                                                Packets               Pings
 Host                                                                                                                                                                                         Loss%   Snt   Last   Avg  Best  Wrst StDev
 1. 121.42.139.248                                                                                                                                                                             0.0%    36    0.6   0.6   0.5   0.9   0.1
 2. ???
 3. 10.108.72.74                                                                                                                                                                               0.0%    35   73.0  95.2   0.6 146.9  38.4
 4. 106.11.130.214                                                                                                                                                                             0.0%    35    0.3   0.4   0.3   1.1   0.2
 5. 42.120.244.77                                                                                                                                                                              0.0%    35   11.6   1.8   0.5  13.8   3.0
 6. 27.221.85.245                                                                                                                                                                              0.0%    35  682.2 826.9 608.6 1398. 152.3
 7. 27.221.94.145                                                                                                                                                                              0.0%    35    8.5   9.0   5.6  12.7   2.1
 8. 219.158.107.242                                                                                                                                                                            0.0%    35   23.3  22.4  20.5  24.4   1.3
 9. 124.160.82.130                                                                                                                                                                             0.0%    35   20.5  23.1  20.5  50.4   6.9
10. 124.160.82.198                                                                                                                                                                             0.0%    35   24.5  24.5  24.4  24.6   0.0
11. ???

1